A review of micro-solid-phase extraction techniques and devices applied in sample pretreatment coupled with chromatographic analysis

Abstract Sample pretreatment is one of the most crucial and error-prone steps an analytical procedure; it consents to improve selectivity sensitivity by sample clean-up pre-concentration. Nowadays, arousing interest in greener sustainable chemistry has increased development microextraction techniques as alternative preparation procedures. In this review, we aimed show two different categorizations used micro-solid-phase extraction (?SPE) techniques. essence, first concerns solid-phase (SPE) sorbent selection structure: normal-phase, reversed-phase, ion-exchange, mixed-mode, molecular imprinted polymer, special (e.g., doped cartridges for specific analytes). The second a grouping commercially available ?SPE products categories sub-categories. We present every device technology into classifications paying attention their historical actual state art. So, study aims provide state-of-the-art techniques, highlighting advantages, disadvantages, possible future developments pretreatment.